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Over the past decades, head and neck cancer (HNC), the worldwide 6th most common cancer, has experienced a significant change due to the identification of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease, a molecular entity that is clearly distinct from HPV− HNC. Investigators in this study used a CASY cell counter and analyzer to count cells following overnight culture and from fresh blood samples. With the help of a CASY, this group found significant differences in frequencies and relative ratios of MDSC and effector T cells in HPV- HNC.